prefaceIn the United States, traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine are the two most representative schools of acupuncture and moxibustion and acupuncture and moxibustion. From the origins of these two methods and their history of dissemination in the United States,In the process of "localization" of China's traditional acupuncture and moxibustion in the United States, and then moving towards internationalization and modernization, the international dissemination of acupuncture and moxibustion is the biggest problem encountered

preface

In the United States, traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine are the two most representative schools of acupuncture and moxibustion and acupuncture and moxibustion. From the origins of these two methods and their history of dissemination in the United States,In the process of "localization" of China's traditional acupuncture and moxibustion in the United States, and then moving towards internationalization and modernization, the international dissemination of acupuncture and moxibustion is the biggest problem encountered.This is the current development direction of internationalization and modernization of acupuncture and moxibustion medical theory.

Introduction and development of acupuncture and moxibustion in the United States

The international dissemination of traditional Chinese medicine has existed since ancient times. From the Qin and Han dynasties to the Sui and Tang dynasties, with the opening of the Silk Road and the mature application of navigation technology, traditional Chinese medicine began to spread on a large scale to surrounding countries and regions.

According to the information,Acupuncture and moxibustion was introduced into Europe in the first stage of "learning from the east to the west" in the 16th century, and attracted the attention of some Europeans in the middle of the 17th century.

Acupuncture and moxibustion was introduced from Europe to the United States in the early 19th century.The American Medical Report published an article on acupuncture and moxibustion in 1822, "We should face up to and realize its magical effect".

In 1825, Bach Franklin, a famous chemist and physician, first published a book on acupuncture and moxibustion in English in the United States, Memoirs of acupuncture and moxibustion by Moran, and translated it into French, which was the first time he published a book on acupuncture and moxibustion in Britain.

In 1826, he published the article "Case Report on Clinical Efficacy of acupuncture and moxibustion" in the North American Journal of Internal Medicine and Surgery, which caused great social repercussions.The relationship between China and the United States had a historic turning point in the 1970s, which was also an important period for the popularization of acupuncture and moxibustion in the United States.

In 1971, James Reston, the deputy editor and columnist of the New York Times, got an acute Appendicitis during a visit to China. He had an operation on Appendicitis in Peking Union Medical College Hospital, and then had an acupuncture treatment. The effect was good without any discomfort.

It caused a great sensation in the United States, and the publication of this paper also laid a historical foundation for the "acupuncture and moxibustion fever" in the United States.

When Nixon visited China in 1972, he invited General Hager and his close assistant Walter Taka to perform acupuncture anesthesia for him, and published an article entitled "acupuncture and moxibustion work I saw" in Reader's Digest.

In April of that year,American doctors carried out the world's first case of Tonsil by acupuncture anesthesiaThis visit research and clinical practice further promoted the popularization of acupuncture and moxibustion therapy in the United States.

Although during this period, the research on the anatomy, physiology and other aspects of acupuncture anesthesia was not deep enough, its amazing clinical efficacy made the American medical community have a strong interest in acupuncture and moxibustion of Traditional Chinese medicine, and pushed the "acupuncture and moxibustion fever" of the United States to a new height. With the development of acupuncture and moxibustion, every state in the United States has begun to work on acupuncture and moxibustion legislation, education, group building, etc.

At the same time, with the "acupuncture and moxibustion craze", the acupuncture and moxibustion schools of Eurasian countries have also entered the United States, opened special courses, and had their own characteristics: the Tyle Sophia Medical College in Maryland, mainly focusing on the five European body acupuncture.

In Massachusetts, the acupuncture and moxibustion Research Institute of New England and the "acupuncture and moxibustion Teachers in Three States" of New York paid more attention to the teaching of acupuncture and moxibustion physics and medicine, making acupuncture and moxibustion in the United States a thriving scene.

With the 50 years of "acupuncture and moxibustion fever",All kinds of acupuncture and moxibustion and moxibustion sciences in the United States have shown an innovative, diversified and integrated development trend.

Because the basic theoretical systems based on which each school of acupuncture and moxibustion in the United States is based are different, in the process of mutual exchange and collision, two schools with the core of Yin Yang and Five Elements of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Zang Fu and Meridians have gradually formed, with TCM acupuncture and moxibustion as the representative.

TCM acupuncture and moxibustion and acupuncture and moxibustion of American Traditional Chinese Medicine

Acupuncture and moxibustion in Chinese medicine is the theory, technology and practice of acupuncture and moxibustion within the framework of the theory of Chinese medicine. Unless otherwise explained, acupuncture and moxibustion in the Chinese context refers to acupuncture and moxibustion in Chinese medicine; In the western context, "acupuncture and moxibustion" refers more to the origin of China, emphasizing the academic origin of acupuncture and moxibustion.

After the integration and development of acupuncture and moxibustion and modern medical theories,The connotation of acupuncture and moxibustion in traditional Chinese medicine has been further expanded. Now, needle knife, electroacupuncture, floating needle, etc. can all be included in the category of acupuncture and moxibustion in traditional Chinese medicine.

Since the use of Bian stone, acupuncture and moxibustion in Traditional Chinese medicine has developed for thousands of years. From the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties, the compilation of four medical codes represented by the Huangdi Neijing was completed, which was an important period for the formation of the theoretical system of Traditional Chinese medicine including acupuncture and moxibustion.

In feudal society, dynasties changed. Even in the era of Western medicine "invasion", the development of acupuncture and moxibustion in traditional Chinese medicine has never stopped with its "own way".

Although the "science of Traditional Chinese medicine" school and its concept have been criticized, their new views on acupuncture mechanism are an important achievement of the "scientization" of Traditional Chinese medicine. The higher education of traditional Chinese medicine in China only started after the establishment of the People's Republic of China.

Universities of Chinese medicine have been set up in various provinces and gradually popularized nationwide. acupuncture and moxibustion and moxibustion of Chinese medicine has shown a prosperous scene.Acupuncture and moxibustion and Moxibustion, published by Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine in 1957, laid the foundation for modern acupuncture and moxibustion and Moxibustion.

However, due to various reasons, the current teaching content still stays within the scope of traditional Chinese medicine acupuncture and moxibustion, rarely involves the scientific research achievements of acupuncture and moxibustion, and does not coincide with the research paradigm of modern medicine.

After that, the acupuncture and moxibustion community has made positive adjustments to this. In the clinical and scientific research of acupuncture and moxibustion, it has constantly absorbed the research achievements of modern science, which has now gone far beyond the scope of traditional Chinese medicine theory.

In the United States, there are two different understandings of TCM acupuncture and moxibustion. One is basically consistent with the concept of acupuncture and moxibustion in traditional Chinese medicine, that is, acupuncture and moxibustion originated in China, also known as "TCM acupuncture and moxibustion". Most acupuncture and moxibustion experts from mainland China to the United States hold this view.

The second point is the narrow sense of TCM acupuncture and moxibustion, also known as academic acupuncture and moxibustion of traditional Chinese medicine. They believe that TCM acupuncture and moxibustion was established in the 1950s and was recognized and supported by the government. So do American acupuncture and moxibustion experts.

TCM is called "TCM" for short, and acupuncture and moxibustion is also "TCM" naturally. When TCM acupuncture and moxibustion was first introduced into the United States, it did not receive universal attention from Americans. After more than 100 years of silence.

In the 1970s, there was a "acupuncture and moxibustion craze" in the United States, which made it shine. At that time, although there were many schools of acupuncture and moxibustion competing with itTCM acupuncture and moxibustion has always occupied a dominant position in acupuncture and moxibustion in the United States.

Although TCM acupuncture and moxibustion has made great progress in the United States, due to its own theoretical limitations, Americans' understanding of it in the United States, and its differences from modern biomedicine, the promotion of TCM acupuncture and moxibustion in the United States is not smooth. It has not successfully entered the mainstream of the United States, but also faces the danger of being marginalized.

Looking back at the spread and development of TCM acupuncture and moxibustion in the United States, we can see that such problems have existed for a long time.

The "acupuncture and moxibustion craze" in the 1970s made the American government and people have a certain understanding of the techniques and effects of Sanqi needling,However, the different cultural backgrounds between China and the West make it difficult for clinical and related researchers to fully accept and understand the Sanqi acupuncture method with Chinese philosophical connotations, especially for beginners and folk in the United States.

In order to help foreign acupuncture and moxibustion beginners better understand and understand the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, there are only two books: Introduction to acupuncture and moxibustion in China and acupuncture and moxibustion in China, most of which are concise and to the point. It is impossible to explain everything clearly.

Among them, the diagnosis and treatment mainly focus on the viscera, which makes the foreign people in the acupuncture and moxibustion field have the inherent concept of "attaching importance to the viscera and despising the meridians" of TCM acupuncture and moxibustion, reflecting that the spread of TCM acupuncture and moxibustion in the United States is limited.

In 2000, the President of the United States signed a decree establishing the White House Medical Management Committee. The White House Medical Management Report classified Chinese traditional medicine as a separate medical system,The "traditional Chinese medicine" was officially included in the White House document, and the "acupuncture and moxibustion of traditional Chinese medicine" was officially named "acupuncture and moxibustion of traditional Chinese medicine", and the status of "traditional Chinese medicine" was confirmed by the Federation.

At this point,Sanyang acupuncture and moxibustion has broken through the limitations of early acupuncture and moxibustion textbooks and theories,And it extensively integrates the research achievements of modern medicine, continuously supplementing, adjusting, and improving it. However, once this stereotype is formed, it is often difficult to change in a short period of time, so American acupuncture and moxibustion have limited understanding of TCM acupuncture and moxibustion.

Acupuncture and moxibustion School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, also known as the "Scientific acupuncture and moxibustion School", is based on anatomy, physiology, pathology and Evidence-based medicine, while ignoring the basic principles of Yin and Yang, five elements, qi and blood, and meridians, which is based on Western medicine.

It is a method similar to Western medicine that combines the sublation of traditional Chinese medicine theory with modern medicine.Dry needle "is the most influential acupuncture therapy in the United States today, and its corresponding acupuncture therapy is an important branch of traditional Chinese acupuncture therapy.

1939.1941.

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Acupuncture and moxibustion of traditional Chinese medicine had a certain influence only in some European countries, such as Britain and Sweden, at the beginning of its establishment, until the "acupuncture and moxibustion fever" appeared in the 1970s,.

.1987.

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1980.

As mentioned earlier, early foreign acupuncture and moxibustion scholars, due to the limitations of textbooks, had some wrong understandings of the connotation, theory and diagnostic methods of TCM acupuncture and moxibustion,.

Mark.TCM.

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1979.

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This is a major achievement of American acupuncture and moxibustion in the process of localization development, and it is also a beneficial attempt of acupuncture and moxibustion modernization.

Breaking through communication limitations and presenting a complete set of theories

2070.

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[2].2.2016.

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[4]..2006.

[5].2006.

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